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Artist or Maker: Jean (Hans) Arp (1887-1966)
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Provenance: Lucien Lefebvre-Foinet, Paris (no. 3952).
Galerie de Beaune, Paris.
Walter P. Chrysler, Jr., New York; his sale, Parke-Bernett Galleries, New York, 22 March 1945, lot 125 (illustrated).
Herbert and Nannette Rothschild, Kitchawa, New York, by 1958.
Galerie Gmurzynska, Zug.
Acquired from the above circa 1980 by the present owner.
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Exhibited: Richmond, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, The Collection of Walter P. Chrysler, Jr., 1941, no. 9; this exhibition later travelled to Philadelphia, Museum of Art.
Newport, Art Association of Newport, 1941.
New York, Rose Fried Gallery.
New York, Museum of Modern Art, Retrospective Jean (Hans) Arp, October - November 1958, no. 54 (illustrated p. 61; titled 'Construction' and dated 1934).
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Literature: Hatje (ed.), Hans Arp, Die Reliefs, Oeuvre-Katalog, Stuttgart, 1981, no. 157 (illustrated p. 81).
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Notes: Property from a European Collection
Construction: balcon II is an important and relatively colourful relief made by Arp in the 1928. Painted on board that in places has been cut-out or perforated with oval forms so that this seemingly flat work becomes a multi-dimensional relief, Construction: balcon II is, as its title suggests, the second and more developed of two works depicting a strange sperm/egg-like universe of abstract form. Both these works eloquently articulate the marriage of nature and abstraction that Arp developed in the mid-1920s into an essentially poetic and almost mystic form of construction.
Arp's reliefs of the 1920s signify one of the most dramatic stylistic changes in his art. Having understood the 'law' of chance during the Dada years in Zurich to be but a part of the laws of Nature he began to revere it as an ultimate standard of spiritual truth. As a consequence he then made a conscious move away from the harsh rigid logic of his geometric abstraction and sought to impregnate the forms of his art with Nature's rhythm, energy and spirit.
Arp's relationship with Sophie Tauber reinforced his belief that it was primarily abstract art that could incorporate what he described as 'extravisual' meanings of the greatest importance, for, in her often austere art he also saw her inner serenity and humility emanating. Similarly, when he abandoned geometric abstraction he continued to embrace the flatness, clarity, impersonal finish and abstraction of his earlier works because he felt these elements corresponded to the moral values he required of his essentially non-materialistic art. And it was these qualities he retained when he attempted to unify abstraction with naturalness in what came to be known as his 'Earthly Forms' - loosely geometric shapes such as the fluid or agitated ovals (bewegte Ovale) around which the composition of this work is based. Energising the oval with a natural irregularity lent these forms an organic appearance that in turn evokes the possibility of growth, metamorphosis and development. Arp's intention was to create, what he described as 'Sinnbild der ewigen Verwandlung in der Natur' (emblems of the perpetual transformations occurring in Nature).
In Construction: balcon II a multidimensional energy between the abstract form and space of the relief sets up a biomorphic-like fusion of elements all colliding and vying with one another with an undeniable energy that evokes not just the rhythms of nature but also, seemingly, a conjunction of sperm and egg. Symbols of birth, metamorphosis, growth and regeneration, sperm and eggs, were, like navels, familiar emblems in Arp's art that, though partially abstract, convey within themselves the innate potential for development. Natural, organic and perpetually evolving, they are ideal images for Arp's own evolving organic language of abstraction.
Arp's involvement with the Surrealist group also played a significant role in the development of this new organic abstraction. While he insisted on remaining only loosely affiliated to the group in the late 1930s and would later criticise its overt embracing of politics and their rejection of abstract art, the Surrealists use of poetry as a means of exploring the unconscious had a major influence on Arp. Likening his own work to dreams, Arp who followed Novalis in believing dreams to be the source of creative inspiration, was encouraged by the Surrealists to delve further in order to discover the hidden beauty and meaning of his dreams and his art which Arp himself referred to as 'dreamed plastic works'.
'In 1925 I exhibited at the first Surrealist group show and contributed to their magazines. They encouraged me to ferret out the dream, the idea behind my plastic work, and to give it a name. For many years, roughly from the end of 1919 to 1931, I interpreted most of my works. Often the interpretation was more important to me than the work itself. Often it was hard to render the content in rational words... (the) titles were often abbreviated little stories such as this one for 'Mountain - Table - Anchors - Navel' in my book Unser taglicher Traum (Our daily Dream) : A dreamer can make eggs as big as houses dance, bundle up flashes of lightening, and make an enormous mountain, dreaming of a navel and two anchors, hover over a poor enfeebled table that looks like the mummy of a goat. In the end my names for my plastic works gave rise to poems.' (Arp, 'Looking', cited in J. Thrall Soby, (ed.), exh. cat., Arp, Museum of Modern Art, New York, p. 14)
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