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Dimensions: dimensions variable
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Provenance: Galleria Massimo De Carlo, Milan
Pier Luigi Mazzari, Milan (acquired from the above)
Christie's, London, June 27, 2001, Lot 19
Acquired by the present owner from the above
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Exhibited: Milan, Galleria Massimo De Carlo, Maurizio Cattelan, January - February 1996
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Literature: La Biennale di Venezia. XLVII Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte. General Catalogue, Venice, 1997, p. 299, illustrated in color
Maurizio Cattelan, Bretigny-sur-Orge/Dijon/Paris, 1997, np. illustrated in color
Francesco Bonami, Nancy Spector, Barbara Vanderlinden, Massimiliano Gioni, Maurizio Cattelan, London, 2000, p. 23, illustrated in color
Jacinto Lageira and Stephen Wright, "Absurdity for All, Belonging to Nobody", Parachute, vol. no. 109, January/March 2003, p. 13, illustrated in color
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Notes: Maurizio Cattelan was born in Padua, Italy in 1960, and since the beginning of the 1990's he has created an extraordinary body of work, in a variety of different media, that has been exhibited widely, and internationally, often to critical acclaim and, sometimes, provoking heated responses. Cattelan's oeuvre operates on many different levels, offering his viewer symbols whose representations both elucidate and problematize systems of related meaning. As such, Cattelan's art does not take a precise stand, be that moral, social or ideological. If anything, he embraces a systematic ambiguity that coolly challenges the boundaries of contemporary value systems, but never attempts to subvert them. His works are not Dadaist monuments to modern socio-economic revolution; rather, he presents us all with objects that have undergone a slight shift of reality that, ultimately, makes them a little pathetic and asinine. These small intellectual and paradigmatic shifts are very subtle and sophisticated, yet carry more weight; are a little darker and much more profound in this reduced, anti-grandiose manner. Asking a viewer to contemplate the dynamic of art as commerce is one thing; asking your own art dealer to dress up as a giant pink phallus, forces us to consider the same issue, but layered beneath a number of other issues. As with all of Cattelan's work, you don't get the joke, until the joke gets you.
If Cattelan's enterprise is one that shows a mirror to society and forces us to consider ourselves within the world, then that reflection or revelation is one hinged on a series of simulacra that engage with the paradoxes of transgression and the limits of tolerance, oscillating between the polarities of frivolity and sobriety. This is nowhere more profoundly realized than in his works which display taxidermied animals in a variety of environments that sometimes suggest a narrative and sometimes have no context whatsoever but rather move the viewer in their compelling isolation. These works are at once funny, shocking, disturbing and engrossing. Stuffed pigeons are perched on top of other artists' works at the Venice Biennial; a tiny ferret appears to have committed suicide with a gun whilst sitting at a tiny kitchen table; a dog sleeps peacefully under a museum guard's chair. Only after absorbing the work for a while, does one appreciate the more serious subtexts at play: the communion of life and death as a drama of humanity being enacted by a cast of animals. The very means of these animals' preservation - taxidermy - creates an ongoing dialogue between multiple layers of 'reality': those of the animal, its presentation, its negation of context and its new role as aesthetic 'object'.
The Ballad of Trotsky is perhaps Cattelan's most important work that employs taxidermied animals. One is instantly mesmerized by this large horse, harnessed and suspended in mid-air, isolated against the large and open empty space of the gallery. There is something frightening and sad about the horse, forever immobilized in the air, and yet elegant and awe-inspiring. At the same time (and in keeping with Cattelan's voice) the image is completely absurd. Cattelan takes the strength and power of a horse - a beast of burden - and transforms it into an image of impotence that reflects the tragi-comic predicament of the human condition. The title of the work is also telling: a monument to the paralysis of a universal utopia and the usurpation of romantic idealism by the darker side of human nature. This work is a lament for the death of Trotsky and, more importantly, the failure of the potential of his ideal and the imperfections of our lives.
The present work strikes a chord with the work Cattelan chose to display for his first exhibition in America. Warning! Enter at your own risk. Do not touch, do not feed, no smoking, no photographs, no dogs, thank you. (1994) saw Cattelan 'display' a live donkey at the Daniel Newburg Gallery, accompanied only by a crystal chandelier hanging from the ceiling. The donkey can be seen to represent the artist, caught in the 'gallery glare' of the New York art scene, signified by the chandelier in the empty gallery space. Cattelan manipulates the traditional stereotypes associated with the animal and stitches them onto a portrait of his own predicament as the new star of the art world. Moreover, this juxtaposition of donkey and chandelier pokes fun at this bizarre marriage between a regular guy from Padua and New York's glitterati. The Ballad of Trotsky can be seen as a refinement of Cattelan's first work to be shown in the United States. Later, in 1997, Cattelan would refine The Ballad of Trotsky when he made Novocento. A similar horse is also suspended in mid-air, except now its legs are exaggerated, as if emphasizing not only the pull of gravity on the horse physically, but also symbolically. That horse is, literally, caught between two worlds.
The present work powerfully displays what Cattelan has described as 'frozen energy'. Here, that speaks of a millennial existential plight. Despite the joviality of his prankster-like reputation, and the warm humor that is clearly evident in his works, Cattelan reveals himself here to be a serious 'realist', one who tackles the disillusionment of a generation.
