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Artist or Maker: Stefano di Giovanni, called Sassetta (Siena 1395-1450)

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Provenance: Church of San Francesco, Borgo Sansepolcro.
Cavaliere Sergiuliani, Arezzo.
with Wildenstein, New York, where purchased by the late owner in 1976.

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Exhibited: London and New York, Colnaghi, Gothic to Renaissance - European Painting 1300-1600, 1988.
New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Painting in Renaissance Siena 1420-1500, 20 December 1988 - 19 March 1989, no. 3.

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Literature: F. Zeri, 'Tre argomenti umbri', in Bollettino d'arte, 48, 1963, pp. 38 and 44, no. 17.
The Cleveland Museum of Art, European Paintings before 1500, Catalogue of Paintings: Part I, Cleveland, 1974, p. 124, cited.
M. Laclotte, Retables italiens du XIIIe au XVe siècle, Paris, 1978, p. 28ff, illustrated.
J. Pope-Hennessy, Italian Paintings in the Robert Lehman Collection, New York, 1987, p. 104, no. 43.
F. Zeri, La Collezione Federico Mason Perkins, Turin, 1988, p. 105, no. 38, fig. 1.
K. Christiansen, 'Stefano di Giovanni called Sassetta', Gothic to Renaissance: European Painting 1300-1600, Colnaghi, London, 1988, pp. 41-52, illustrated.
K. Christiansen, in the exhibition catalogue Painting in Siena 1420-1500, New York, 1988, pp. 84-85, no. 3, illustrated.
J.R. Banker, 'The Program for the Sassetta Altarpiece in the Church of San Francesco in Borgo San Sepolcro', I Tatti Studies, 1991, vol. 4, pp. 11-58.
J. Dunkerton, et al., Giotto to Dürer, Early Renaissance Painting in the National Gallery, New Haven, 1991, p. 262.
D. Gordon, 'The Reconstruction of Sassetta's Altarpiece for Borgo San Sepolcro: a postscript', Burlington Magazine, September 1993, vol. 135, no. 1086, pp. 620-3.

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Notes: PROPERTY FROM THE ESTATE OF EDWIN L. WEISL, JR.

'On the second day of June, which was the third day of Pentecost, of the above year [1444]... the altarpiece painted and decorated by Master Stefano of Siena was placed on the high altar of [the church of] San Francesco in Borgo. God be praised'.

This altarpiece was a large, double-sided Gothic polyptych of exceptional complexity and richness, so carefully conceived that it is impossible to ascribe any of the surviving fragments to studio assistants. Throughout, it is Sassetta's mind and hand that predominates. This is true of the present Saint Augustine, shown wearing a bishop's mitre and cope over a black habit with a pile of books: attributes of his status as Bishop of Hippo; as author of the Rule of the Augustinian Canons; and as one of the Four Doctors of the Latin Church. In conformity with his high original position above the main panel of the Altarpiece, he is depicted from below, as if seen through a lanceolate window over which the books project. His sensitively drawn features are especially notable for the irises of the eyes, which have the appearance of foreshortened discs, and the beautiful curve of the ear, pressed down by the jewelled mitre. No less notable is the way Sassetta has carefully calculated the saint's silhouette so that it echoes the shape of the frame, the mitre filling the pointed upper portion, while the shoulders expand to fill the curve of the lower arch. Typical of Sassetta's refined execution is the use of metal leaf tooled with small striations and then glazed over with color to suggest the velvet of the cope. This is a highly fragile technique that only rarely escapes damage; the judicious restoration of this panel suggests its original beauty.

Sassetta (the name is found in no contemporary documents and seems to have been first applied to the artist in the eighteenth century) was unquestionably the most original Sienese painter of the first half of the fifteenth century. Although much of his work (designs for stained-glass windows, painted banners and illuminations) is now lost, his reputation rests on three extraordinary altarpieces: the Arte della Lana of 1423 (mostly Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena); the Madonna of the Snow, painted between 1430 and 1432 (Contini-Bonacossi Bequest, Florence) and the Borgo Sansepolcro Altarpiece, completed in 1444. He was an artist of remarkable range and intellectual curiosity. He seems to have visited Florence where the naturalism of Masaccio and Masolino's frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel exerted an influence on the Madonna of the Snow. At the same time he would have seen Gentile da Fabriano's masterpiece, the Adoration of the Magi, whose charming narrative detail and ornate surface were to change the direction of the Sienese artist's stylistic development. Sassetta's natural inclination was to work at ingenious solutions to the convincing depiction of space within the limitations imposed by the formal gothic altarpiece, as well as to explore the expressive possibilities of exquisitely wrought surfaces and the graceful curvilinear forms of the gothic tradition - a tradition exemplified by his Sienese forbears Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti. While clearly aware of developments in Florence, Sassetta's genius lies in the originality with which he breathed new life into the gothic idiom and inspired a generation of remarkable Sienese artists, among them Sano di Pietro, The Osservanza Master and Vecchietta.

The Borgo Sansepolcro altarpiece was the most important single commission any artist had yet received in Sansepolcro and the total cost - an incredible 510 florins - remained unsurpassed anywhere in Italy during the fifteenth century. The extravagant outlay was occasioned by the fact that beneath the High Altar was buried the Blessed Ranieri Rasini, a Franciscan lay brother who had become the object of intense local cult in the years following his death in 1304. The decision to award the commission to the greatest living Sienese painter came after an abortive, more modest plan. In 1426 a carpenter by the name of Barolomeo di Giovannino d'Angelo was employed to construct a polyptych on the model of an altarpiece painted three-quarters of a century earlier for the Badia at Sansepolcro, except that the San Francesco altarpiece was to be painted on both the front and back. Work proceeded slowly, and only in 1430 was a local artist, Antonio di Giovanni d'Anghiari, engaged to paint the front of the completed structure. Work progressed no farther than the preparation of the panels with a coat of gesso, and in 1437 the superintendents of San Francesco, Cristoforo di Francesco di Ser Feo and Andrea di Giovanni di Tano, approached Sassetta with the task.
Borgo Sansepolcro had longstanding political - it only became Florentine territory in 1441 - and cultural ties with Siena. Moreover, just two or three years earlier Sassetta had completed an altarpiece in nearby Cortona, providing a demonstration of his capabilities. It was probably with that work in mind that, on 5 September 1437, Master Stefano di Giovanni [Sassetta] was engaged 'to make and construct a wooden altarpiece for the high altar of the said church of San Francesco... similar to that altarpiece already constructed and gessoed... [and] to paint it on both sides... with those stories and figures as shall be established by the superior and friars of the said place of San Francesco.' In other words, the work executed between 1426 and 1430 was to be abandoned, and Sassetta was to begin afresh. The altarpiece was to be completed within four years, at which time Sassetta agreed to personally supervise its transport from Siena, oversee the assembly of the individual panels in the superstructure and their installation in the church, and make any necessary repairs. Four years may seem a generous period of time, but the friars had already waited ten, and the work was of an exceptional complexity. Moreover, Sassetta's elaborate technique, with its use of tooled gilt surfaces glazed with color, entailed a slow rate of production. In the end, work dragged on for seven years, and only on 5 June 1444 did Sassetta receive his final payment.

Curiously, despite the ample documentation relating to the commissioning of the altarpiece, no description of it in situ survives. Between 1578 and 1583 it was removed from the High Altar to make way for a tabernacle, in conformity with liturgical demands following the Council of Trent. The polyptych seems to have been dismembered and the individual panels distributed throughout the church. In 1583 two lateral panels, showing Saints John the Evangelist and Anthony of Padua, decorated one altar, the center panel of the Madonna and Child with angels another, while a panel of the Blessed Ranieri Rasini hung in the choir until 1752. Minor parts of the altarpiece may well have been sold off or salvaged for their wood. In 1810, following the Napoleonic suppression of religious Orders, the main panels were purchased by a Cavalier Sergiuliani of Arezzo, who presented them to the Canon Angelucci. In turn, Angelucci gave them to his brother, and it was in a small church in Monte Contieri, near Asciano, that in 1823 the Sienese writer, E. Romagnoli, recorded the existence of 'two panels painted in tempera, in the first of which is shown Saint Francis with open arms, in the second the Virgin and Child and various angels. To the same altarpiece belong four vertical panels with various saints, all well preserved'. This is the first mention of the sublime Saint Francis in Glory which was part of the Borgo Sansepolcro Altarpiece, and purchased for I Tatti, as well as the Madonna and Child rediscovered in France in 1951 and acquired by the Louvre. The panels with Saints John the Baptist, John the Evangelist, Anthony of Padua, and the Blessed Ranieri Rasini are now divided between the two institutions. In 1839 G. Rosini recorded that below the Saint Francis ran an inscription commemorating the role played by the two superintendents who had commissioned the altarpiece: 'CRISTOFORUS FRANCISCI FEI ANDREAS IOHANNIS TANIS OPERARIUS A. MCCCCXXXXIIII'. He also mentioned the existence of eight panels with scenes from the Life of Saint Francis, obviously those now in the National Gallery, London, and in the Musée Condé, Chantilly.
Several other panels can be confidently associated with the altarpiece on grounds of style, subject, or the decoration of their frames. Among these are three predella panels, showing Miracles of the Blessed Ranieri Rasini and first described by Giovanni Battista Castiglione, a Milanese priest, in 1622. Two of them are in the Louvre - one being rediscovered and purchased only a year ago - and the third is in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin. Four small upright panels, showing Saint Christopher (the Mason Perkins Collection, the Sacro Convento, Assisi), and Evangelist (formerly in the Cini Collection, Venice), and Saints Lawrence and Stephen (Pushkin Museum, Moscow), that would have flanked the altarpiece as pilasters survive. Saint Francis Adoring the Crucified Christ (Cleveland Museum of Art); The Annunciation (Robert Lehman Collection, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York); and the present Saint Augustine, would have formed pinnacles.

In reconstructing the appearance of Sassetta's altarpiece it must be borne in mind that the two sides addressed different audiences and that the pictorial content of the main side facing the nave was necessarily more conventional than that of the reverse towards the choir. The front had, at its center, the Madonna and Child enthroned before a symbolic rose hedge with, to either side, three angels, two of whom suspend a crown over the Virgin's head. This panel was flanked by depictions of the Blessed Ranieri Rasini and Saints John the Baptist, John the Evangelist, and Anthony of Padua. Two of these figures are Franciscans, one a native of Sansepolcro and the other second in popularity only to Francis himself; while Saint John the Evangelist was of special importance to the Order, in that his apocalyptic vision in the Book of Revelations had come to be applied to Saint Francis by the Franciscan followers of Joachim of Fiore. In accordance with common practice, the pinnacle with the Annunciation would have stood above the Madonna and Child, while the scenes with the Miracles of the Blessed Ranieri Rasini would have adorned the predella in commemoration of his burial beneath the altar of the church. Whether the remaining scenes showed further miracles of his life or depicted events in the life of Saint Anthony of Padua cannot be said.

Facing the monks' choir would have been the depiction of Saint Francis surrounded by cherubim, his outstretched hands and feet marked by the stigmata, borne over a seemingly limitless sea on the backs of allegorical figures of Insubordination, Luxury, and Avarice. This extraordinary image, which Berenson thought without peer in Western art, is a unique visualization of Saint John the Evangelist's vision after the opening of the Sixth Seal: 'And I saw another angel ascending from the east, having the seal of the living God' (Revelations 7, 2). Saint Bonaventura cites the passage in his official Life of Saint Francis, applying its imagery to Saint Francis and explaining that the seal of the living God is the stigmata Saint Francis bore. Around the saint's halo runs the inscription, 'PATRIARCHA PAUPERUM FRANCISCHUS' (Francis the Patriarch of Poverty). Poverty was, of course, the cardinal virtue of Saint Francis, and is so noted by Dante in the Paradiso. To either side of this mystical figure, eight panels encapsulating the life of Saint Francis were arranged in two tiers, the order of which has only recently been established. Above the center panel would have stood the Cleveland pinnacle of Saint Francis Adoring the Crucified Christ whose wounds he bore. There is no firm indication for the subjects of the predella, but the idea of Francis as a second Christ (Franciscus alter Christus) that is alluded to in the center panel and its pinnacle suggests that the three predella scenes from Christ's Passion, now in the Detroit Institute of Art, may have belonged to the altarpiece.

S. Beguin has reasoned that pilaster panels showing the patron saints of the two superintendents, whose names were inscribed below the Saint Francis, adorned the reverse of the altarpiece. One of these would have been the Mason Perkins Saint Christopher. The Pushkin panels with Saints Lawrence and Stephen, as well as one with Saint Vincent, may also have been included, as Saint Bernardine had declared them co-partriarchs with Saint Francis. The pinnacle with Saint Augustine could have belonged to either the front or the back, possibly accompanied by the other Doctors of the Latin Church: Saints Gregory the Great; Jerome; and Saint Ambrose.

Sassetta's altarpiece was unquestionably the most sumptuous and elaborate work to have been produced since the completion of Duccio's Maestà in 1311, and it was to remain the greatest masterpiece of fifteenth-century Sienese painting, combining delicacy of feeling with decorative splendour, and effulgent surfaces with nuanced effects of light and atmosphere. In his classic study of the altarpiece, Berenson emphasized the calligraphic character of Sassetta's line, but to comtemporaries it was not this residual Gothicism that seemed remarkable but rather Sassetta's exquisite sensitivity to the visual world - whether the miraculous aura of light surrounding the figure of Christ in Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (National Gallery, London), the penumbral interior of a conventional church with monks seated in rustic stalls in the recently rediscovered Miracle of the Miser of Citerna (Louvre, Paris), or the transparency of the southern Tuscan sky against the profile of Monte Amiata in The Mystic Marriage of Saint Francis of Povery (Musée Condé, Chantilly). In the predella of his earliest work, the altarpiece painted between 1423 and 1426 for the Guild of the Arte della Lana, Sassetta revealed a precocious talent in this direction, minutely recreating a medieval library and depicting some of the earliest naturalistic skies in Italian art. Under the influence of Masaccio, whose work he saw on an undocumented trip to Florence about 1430, this visual awareness acquired weight and expressive force. In the narrative panels of the Borgo Sansepolcro Altarpiece, the more realistic features of this Masaccesque phase have been refined in the fire of Sieneses traditions - especially that of Simone Martini - and have emerged purified of any gross traits.

Sassetta shared with his great Florentine contemporaries an interest in geometric forms: the pattern created by a beamed ceiling; the arc described by a flock of cranes; or the trapezoidal shape of the sides of a marble throne viewed in steep foreshortening. He was, however, more interested in these for their aesthetic properties than as a means of analyzing the visual world. Indeed, much of the iconic power of the image of Saint Francis in Glory derives from the simple, abstract shape of his girdled habit and foreshortened head. Similarly, the deep landscape behind the figures in The Mystic Marriage of Saint Francis to Poverty is composed of a patchwork quilt of rectangular, colored fields, less regular than those employed by Uccello but for that very reason more truthful and convincing. This emphasis on geometric purity seems even to have impressed the young Piero della Francesca, who must have watched the installation of the polyptych with a mixture of perplexity and admiration. Piero had returned to Borgo Sansepolcro from Florence by June 1442, and three years later was commissioned by the Compagnia della Misericordia to paint a polyptych with, at its center, a Madonna of Mercy. It has long been recognized that this majestic and solemn figure is, to a certain extent, based on Sassetta's image of Saint Francis. However, Piero illuminated his figure with a focused light that both models and measures its volume, while Sassetta has enveloped his with a diaphanous light of beaten gold. Similarly, the landscape in Piero's Baptism of Christ (National Gallery, London) - which is sometimes thought to preceed the completion of Sassetta's altarpiece but is likely to have been executed about 1450 - utilizes some of the devices employed by Sassetta in his scene of Saint Francis' mystic marriage, but with a mathematical and optical exactitude that is worlds apart. It is in comparison with these masterpieces of Renaissance painting that Sassetta takes his place as the last great representative of Sienese Gothic painting.

We are grateful to Keith Christiansen for his help in preparing this catalogue entry.