Michael Pavlik Paintings & Artwork for Sale | Michael Pavlik Art Value Price Guide

Jul. 22, 2026
Michael Pavlik (Czech, b.1941) 'Blue on Blue with Orange' Art Glass Sculpture
Est: $600 - $800
Michael Pavlik (Czech, b.1941) 'Blue on Blue with Orange' Art Glass Sculpture Undated, signed, #2205, a multi-part abstract sculpture in geometric form, including Marx-Saunders Gallery, LTD documents Provenance: Marx-Saunders Gallery, LTD Property from: an Estate, Grafton, Wisconsin Category: Decorative Arts > Fine Glass Estimated Sale Time: 11:04 am CST Shipping Status: Leonard Auction, Inc. will provide direct shipping for this lot. Please visit our website for a shipping estimate. Last modified: June 29, 2026, 2:50 pm
Leonard Auction
Sep. 10, 2025
MICHAEL PAVLIK PAPERWEIGHT VASE
Est: $400 - $800
Michael Pavlik green paperweight vase with red flowers, signed and dated; 7 1/2" ht. CONDITION: no chips, cracks, repairs, or material defects found, Jaremos attempts to call any material flaw that affects the price, but minor scratches and color variances are inherent to glass and antiques.
Jaremos
Apr. 29, 2025
MICHAEL PAVLIK (1941) Sculpture #2010
Est: €2,000 - €3,000
MICHAEL PAVLIK (1941) Sculpture #2010 1990 Signée 'Michael Pavlik', datée '90' et titrée '#2010' Verre moulé partiellement teinté H: 32,5 cm. (12.3/4 in.); L: 32,5 cm. (12.3/4 in.); P: 32,2 cm. (12.5/8 in.) A signed, dated and numbered '#2010' sculpture in partially tinded cast glass by Michael Pavlik in 1990.
Bonhams
Apr. 24, 2025
MICHAEL PAVLIK (CZECH, B. 1941) FLORAL MARBLED STUDIO ART GLASS VASE
Est: $50 - $100
MICHAEL PAVLIK (CZECH, B. 1941) FLORAL MARBLED STUDIO ART GLASS VASE, ovoid form, deep mottled black and maroon ground with a four-petal flower to each face with a pink and blue interior, marbled swirls to the base and as vines, signed to the base edge, "Michael Pavlik '76", ground pontil mark. Dated 1976. 8" H.
Jeffrey S. Evans & Associates
Mar. 29, 2025
MICHAEL PAVLIK (B.1941) CONTEMPORARY ART GLASS VASE
Est: $150 - $300
Contemporary art glass vase, signed underfoot Michael Pavlik (Czech-American, b.1941), dated [19]76, cased glass with floral decoration, scratch above flower, approx 8.25"h, 4"diam, 2.5lbs
Austin Auction Gallery
Feb. 04, 2025
Robert Dane (American, b. 1952) Abstract Sculpture with Polychrome Design
Est: $1,000 - $2,000
Robert Dane (American, b. 1952) Abstract Sculpture with Polychrome Design glass 27¼ h × 12½ w × 5¾ d in (70 × 32 × 15 cm) etched signature and date on base This lot is located in Philadelphia. Property from the Collection of Madge Goldman, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Freeman’s | Hindman
Feb. 04, 2025
Michael Pavlik (Czech Republic, b. 1941) Virtual Equinox 1985
Est: $1,500 - $2,500
Michael Pavlik (Czech Republic, b. 1941) Virtual Equinox 1985 cut, polished, and laminated glass 10¼ h × 18 w × 10½ d in (26 × 46 × 27 cm) This lot is located in Philadelphia.
Freeman’s | Hindman
Feb. 04, 2025
Michael Pavlik (Czech Republic, b. 1941) Abstract Sculpture 1985
Est: $1,500 - $2,500
Michael Pavlik (Czech Republic, b. 1941) Abstract Sculpture 1985 cut, polished, and laminated glass 10¼ h × 19½ w × 8 d in (26 × 50 × 20 cm) This lot is located in Philadelphia.
Freeman’s | Hindman
Nov. 03, 2024
MICHAEL PAVLIK (CZECH, B. 1941) Paperweight.
Est: $300 - $500
Good large size. Signed on base. From a White Plains, NY estate.
Clarke Auction Gallery
Oct. 26, 2024
Massive Vladimira Klumpar & Michael Pavlik Sculpture, 53"H
Est: $7,000 - $12,000
Artist/Designer; Manufacturer: Vladimira Klumpar (Czech, b. 1954), Michael Pavlik (Czech, b. 1941) Marking(s); notes: no marking(s) apparent; 2001 Materials: cast glass Dimensions (H, W, D): 53"h, 50"w, 42"d Additional Information: Work is titled "Splash." Lot is accompanied by a copy of the appraisal issued by Heller Gallery, New York, New York, dated 11.27.2001. Provenance: Heller Gallery, New York, New York | Collection of Debbie and Bud Menin, Boca Raton, Florida. Please refer to detail images in this listing for additional information on the Menin family and their collection of contemporary glass and fine art. Please note: This piece was Lot 317 in our May 18, 2024 auction. It was sold and paid for by the bidder. The bidder/purchaser asked us to resell the piece because they relocated. Notice to bidders: This sculpture requires special handling by a professional shipper due to its size and materials. The weight approaches 400 pounds. Interested bidders should obtain shipping quotes in advance of the auction. A list of shippers is available from our office or on the "Buying" page of our website.
Palm Beach Modern Auctions
May. 18, 2024
Massive Vladimira Klumpar & Michael Pavlik Sculpture, 53"H
Est: $7,000 - $12,000
Artist/Designer; Manufacturer: Vladimira Klumpar (Czech, b. 1954), Michael Pavlik (Czech, b. 1941) Marking(s); notes: no marking(s) apparent; 2001 Materials: cast glass Dimensions (H, W, D): 53"h, 50"w, 42"d Additional Information: Work is titled "Splash." Lot is accompanied by a copy of the appraisal issued by Heller Gallery, New York, New York, dated 11.27.2001. Provenance: Heller Gallery, New York, New York | Collection of Debbie and Bud Menin, Boca Raton, Florida. Please refer to detail images in this listing for additional information on the Menin family and their collection of contemporary glass and fine art. Notice to bidders: This sculpture requires special handling by a professional shipper due to its size and materials. The weight approaches 400 pounds. Interested bidders should obtain shipping quotes in advance of the auction. A list of shippers is available from our office or on the "Buying" page of our website.
Palm Beach Modern Auctions
Feb. 28, 2024
MICHAEL PAVLIK - ART GLASS, GROUP OF 3
Est: $200 - $400
Lot 64 Michael Pavlik American (b. 1941) Art Glass, Group of 3 glass each etched to underside height (largest): 5 3/4 inches diameter (largest): 7 3/4 inches Provenance: From the Estate of Morley Melden
Capsule Gallery Auction
Feb. 21, 2024
Michael Pavlik, Virtual Equinox
Est: $3,000 - $5,000
Michael Pavlik Virtual Equinox Czech Republic, 1984 cut, polished, and laminated glass 11 h x 16.5 w x 11 dia in (28 x 42 x 28 cm) Etched signature, date, and number to edge 'Michael Pavlik 84 #1783'. Provenance: National Liberty Museum, Philadelphia, Glass Now Auction, 2004 | Private Collection, Cherry Hill, NJ This work will ship from Lambertville, New Jersey.
Rago Arts and Auction Center
Jan. 31, 2024
Michael Pavlik b.1941 Encased Art Glass Sculpture
Est: $100 - $1,000
Michael Pavlik (American, Born 1941). A studio art glass sculpture. A Modern Art piece produced 1981 with a round glass body decorated with colorful encased abstract designs. Artist signed and dated 1981 to underside with reference number #1982. Dimensions: 5 X 7.5 X 7.5 in. Condition: Good overall condition having normal age related surface wear. Estate fresh to the market. Shipping: Hill Auction Gallery offers in-house ground contiguous USA domestic shipping, excluding New Mexico, for $65 plus insurance. Gallery will refer third party shippers for international buyers. Purchaser pick up available upon request.
Hill Auction Gallery
Oct. 05, 2023
Michael Pavlik, Rectangle & Blue Circle (AAA)
Est: $1,500 - $2,000
Michael Pavlik Rectangle & Blue Circle (AAA) Czech Republic, c. 1998 cut, ground, polished and laminated glass 20.5 h x 22 w x 12.5 d in (52 x 56 x 32 cm) Incised signature and number to lower edge 'Michael Pavlik #2212'. Provenance: Marx-Saunders Gallery, Chicago | Private Collection, Illinois This work will ship from Chicago, Illinois.
Rago Arts and Auction Center
Jul. 25, 2023
MICHAEL PAVLIK (BORN 1941) Equilibrium Composition With Triangles and Circles #20041990 cut, polished and frosted glass, etched 'Michael Pavlik 90 #2004'height 25 1/4in (64cm); width 19in (48.2cm); depth 9 1/4in (23.5cm)
Est: $2,500 - $3,500
MICHAEL PAVLIK (BORN 1941) Equilibrium Composition With Triangles and Circles #2004 1990 cut, polished and frosted glass, etched 'Michael Pavlik 90 #2004' height 25 1/4in (64cm); width 19in (48.2cm); depth 9 1/4in (23.5cm) For further information on this lot please visit the Bonhams website
Bonhams
Jul. 22, 2023
MICHAEL PAVLIK CASED STUDIO GLASS VASE
Est: $300 - $400
Michael Pavlik Czech studio glass vase depicting five fish swimming in a row. Signed and dated 1976 to underside. Measures 6 3/4" height.
Antiques & Modern Auction Gallery
Jul. 28, 2022
MICHAEL PAVLIK (BORN 1941) Vessel1978 blown and cased glass, etched 'Michael Pavlik 78 #1240'height 7 1/2in (19cm); diameter 4in (10cm)
Est: $1,000 - $2,000
MICHAEL PAVLIK (BORN 1941) Vessel 1978 blown and cased glass, etched 'Michael Pavlik 78 #1240' height 7 1/2in (19cm); diameter 4in (10cm) For further information on this lot please visit the Bonhams website
Bonhams
May. 07, 2022
MICHAEL PAVLIK ART GLASS VASE
Est: $200 - $300
Michael Pavlik (Czechoslovakian, born 1941) art glass vase. Signed, dated 1978 and numbered 1163 along bottom edge. Measures 9 1/2" height.
Antiques & Modern Auction Gallery
Feb. 19, 2022
Michael Pavlik Glass Sculpture
Est: $1,000 - $2,000
Michael Pavlik (Czechoslovakian, b.1941) Clear glass form, 1982,Â internally decorated in cobalt, orange, yellow and purple, signed and dated to the base, inscribed # 1662. Dimensions: 9 x 7 x 7 in. Condition: Very good with some shelf wear to base.
Neue Auctions
Jan. 29, 2022
Large Michael Pavlik Glass Sculpture, Unique Work
Est: $4,000 - $6,000
Work is titled "Equilibrium with Cones #2057." Lot is accompanied by a copy of the purchase receipt and appraisal issued by Habatat Galleries, West Palm Beach, Florida, dated 12.4.1991 and 12.6.1991 respectively. Provenance: Habatat Galleries, West Palm Beach, Florida | Collection of Debbie and Bud Menin, Boca Raton, Florida. Please refer to detail images in this listing for additional information on the Menin family and their collection of contemporary glass and fine art.
Palm Beach Modern Auctions
Nov. 16, 2021
Michael Pavlik Hand-Blown Glass Paperweight Vase; T/W a Michael Pavlik Blown, Cut and Polished Glass Paperweight Sculpture
Est: $800 - $1,200
Michael Pavlik Hand-Blown Glass Paperweight Vase 1994 Of globular form, in maroon, green and beige colored glass, internally decorated with trailed and padded motifs, cased in colorless glass, signed, dated and numbered 1267, height 6 1/8 inches; Together with a Michael Pavlik Blown, Cut and Polished Glass Paperweight Sculpture. Of diamond form, in colorless glass, internally decorated with various colored striations and patterns, signed M. Pavlik, dated 1982 and numbered #1734. Height 9 1/4 inches. C Estate of Gerald Brenner
DOYLE Auctioneers & Appraisers
Jul. 24, 2021
Michael Pavlik Glass Sculpture
Est: $1,000 - $1,500
Michael Pavlik ( Czechoslovakian, b. 1941) Glass Sculpture, blown internally decorated and cut glass,1982, signed, dated and numbered #1735 to base. Dimensions: 7 in.h. x 16 in.l. x 6 in.d. Condition: shallow 2 in.l.. scratch to right side top of sculpture, group of smaller scratches to left side top, light scratch above number at base, and above signature at base.
Neue Auctions
Apr. 08, 2021
Michael Pavlik Abstract Art Glass Vase
Est: $200 - $300
Czech Republic,b. 1941 Heavy cylindrical glass vase with layered blue, red, purple, and pink bands of color forming an abstracted landscape.
Bruneau & Co. Auctioneers
Jul. 09, 2020
Michael Pavlik (Czechoslovakian, b. 1941)
Est: $400 - $600
Michael Pavlik (Czechoslovakian, b. 1941) Sphere blown glass signed and dated at base Michael Pavlik 78 / #1287 Height 6 inches. Provenance: Property from Collection of the Headley-Whitney Museum, Lexington, Kentucky, Sold to benefit the Endowment Fund
Cowan's Auctions
Jun. 10, 2020
Michael Pavlik (Czechoslovakian, b. 1941) Untitled, 1982
Est: $800 - $1,200
Michael Pavlik (Czechoslovakian, b. 1941) Untitled, 1982 blown and cut glass etched #1735 Michael Pavlik 1982 to underside H 7 x W 16 x D 6 inches Property from the Collection of Harriet and Lawrence Singer, Miami, Florida
Hindman
May. 27, 2020
Michael Pavlik Modern Art Glass 11" Sculpture RARE
Est: $500 - $1,500
Michael Pavlik (Czech, b.1941) Studio art glass sculpture. Features an abstract glass sculpture with arms jutting from one side. Embellished with bands of colored glass. Signed on top. Measures 9" x 10" x 11". Good to fair overall condition, having moderate shelf wear. Hill Auction Gallery will not ship. Gallery will refer local third party USA and international shippers. Purchaser pick up available upon request.
Hill Auction Gallery
May. 09, 2020
MICHAEL PAVLIK (Czechoslovakian. b. 1941)
Est: $3,000 - $4,000
Internally Decorated Colorless Glass Abstract Sculpture. Signed, dated 1983, numbered 1748. Height 12 in. Diameter 9 in. (approx) (Cond: good) Cf. Michael Pavlik was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia in 1941. He began his studies and producing glass in Prague in 1972. He received his Masters in Art and Design from the College of Applied Arts in Prague. Upon his coming to the United States, Pavlik studied at the Penland School of Crafts in North Carolina and has taught at Hartwick College in Oneonta, NY. He received a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1984 to continue his work. His glass can be found, amongst other collections, in the following: the Hokkaido Museum of Modern Art, Japan, the Corning Museum of Glass, NY, the Carnegie-Mellon Museum of Art, PA, the Whitney Museum, NY, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, NY and at the American Craft Museum, NY.
Auction Gallery of the Palm Beaches
Apr. 20, 2020
Michael Pavlik (Czech, b. 1941) Untitled, 1991 Glass 22 x 15 x 6 inches (55.9 x
Est: $1,000 - $1,500
Michael Pavlik (Czech, b. 1941) Untitled, 1991 Glass 22 x 15 x 6 inches (55.9 x 38.1 x 15.2 cm) Inscribed Michael Pavlik #2062 Lot includes photo copied handwritten letter about the sculpture authored by the artist, exhibition booklet signed by the artist from Heller Gallery (November 7-29, 1992), and reception pamphlet from Habatat Galleries (November 2-23, 1991). HID01801242017
Heritage Auctions
Apr. 20, 2020
Michael Pavlik (Czech, b. 1941) Vase, 1980 Cased glass 6-1/8 x 8-1/2 inches (15.
Est: $700 - $900
Michael Pavlik (Czech, b. 1941) Vase, 1980 Cased glass 6-1/8 x 8-1/2 inches (15.6 x 21.6 cm) Etched to underside Michael Pavlik, 1980, #1555 HID01801242017
Heritage Auctions
Feb. 26, 2020
RARE Michael Pavlik Modern Art Glass Sculpture 11"
Est: $100 - $1,000
Michael Pavlik (Czech, b.1941) Studio art glass sculpture. Features an abstract glass sculpture with arms jutting from one side. Embellished with bands of colored glass. Signed on top. Measures 9" x 10" x 11". Good overall condition with moderate shelf wear. Hill Auction Gallery will not ship. Gallery will refer local third party USA and international shippers. Purchaser pick up available upon request.
Hill Auction Gallery
Dec. 14, 2019
MICHAEL PAVLIK MULTI-LAYERED BLOWN GLASS VASE
Est: $300 - $400
Michael Pavlik (Czechoslovakian, born 1941) art glass vase of cylindrical form. Signed, dated 1978 and numbered 1163 along bottom edge. Measures 9 1/2" (24cm) height.
Antiques & Modern Auction Gallery
Dec. 08, 2019
Vladimira Klumpar(ova) (Czech, b. 1954) and Michael Pavlik (Czech, b. 1941), "Elephant"
Est: $4,000 - $7,000
Vladimira Klumpar(ova) (Czech, b. 1954) Michael Pavlik (Czech, b. 1941) "Elephant" cast and polished glass, deep cobalt blue, incised signatures along bottom front edge, on a custom-made iron stand. glass h. 26-1/2", w. 48", d. 16", stand h. 42"
New Orleans Auction Galleries
Nov. 12, 2019
Michael Pavlik (Czechoslovakian, b. 1941) Untitled, 1982
Est: $1,500 - $2,500
Michael Pavlik (Czechoslovakian, b. 1941) Untitled, 1982 blown and cut glass etched #1735 Michael Pavlik 1982 to underside H 7 x W 16 x D 6 inches
Hindman
Oct. 05, 2019
MICHAEL PAVLIK MULTI-LAYERED BLOWN GLASS VASE
Est: $300 - $400
Michael Pavlik (Czechoslovakian, born 1941) art glass vase of cylindrical form. Signed, dated 1978 and numbered 1163 along bottom edge. Measures 9 1/2" (24cm) height.
Antiques & Modern Auction Gallery
Oct. 01, 2019
Michael Pavlik paperweight sculpture
Est: $800 - $1,600
Ovoid form with a faceted top decorated with two internal colored orbs surrounded with blue, red and yellow striated orbiting rings, signed Michael Pavlik 84 1782, 8 1/2" ht. Condition: good with no defects found.
Jaremos
Jul. 27, 2019
MICHAEL PAVLIK MULTI-LAYERED BLOWN GLASS VASE
Est: $600 - $800
Michael Pavlik (Czechoslovakian, born 1941) art glass vase of cylindrical form. Signed, dated 1978 and numbered 1163 along bottom edge. Measures 9 1/2" (24cm) height.
Antiques & Modern Auction Gallery
May. 11, 2019
Michael PAVLIK: Glass Sculpture
Est: $7,000 - $10,000
Michael Pavlik abstract glass sculpture titled "Circulo Within and Without #VIII", signed "Michael Pavlik / 91 / #2058". Provenance: Heller Gallery 1992, from a private collector in Bergen County, NJ. [18 1/2 x 22 x 18 inches]. Imperfections in glass.
Roland Auctions NY
Apr. 24, 2019
Michael Pavlik (born 1941) Two Part Sculpture on Stand 1981 cut, polished and laminated glass, both parts inscribed 'Michael Pavlik 81' in script and numbered '1605' height 8in (22cm); approximate width 12 1/2in (31.8cm); depth 12in (30.5cm)
Est: $1,000 - $1,500
Mazzega Eliel Saarinen Building Modelglass, etched 'MARINA CITTA VENEZIA/ELIEL SAARINEN/L.V.R. Di MAZZEGA MURANO'height 13in (33cm); diameter of base 10in (25cm)
Bonhams
Apr. 24, 2019
John Lewis (Born 1942) Glacier Winged Vessel 2011 glass, gilding, etched signature 'Lewis 11-01' height 6in (15cm); width 27in 69cm); depth 11 1/2in (29cm)
Est: $2,500 - $3,500
Michael Pavlik (born 1941) Two Part Sculpture on Stand1981cut, polished and laminated glass, both parts inscribed 'Michael Pavlik 81' in script and numbered '1605'height 8in (22cm); approximate width 12 1/2in (31.8cm); depth 12in (30.5cm)
Bonhams
Oct. 25, 2018
MICHAEL PAVLIK (BORN 1941) Two Part Sculpture on Stand 1981
Est: $1,500 - $2,000
MICHAEL PAVLIK (BORN 1941) Two Part Sculpture on Stand 1981 cut, polished and laminated glass, both parts inscribed ‘Michael Pavlik 81’ in script and numbered ‘1605’ height 8in (22cm); approximate width 12 1/2in (31.8cm); depth 12in (30.5cm)
Bonhams
Sep. 26, 2018
MICHAEL PAVLIK Modern Studio Art Glass Sculpture
Est: $3,000 - $6,000
Michael Pavlik (1941- Czech Republic) "Three Triangles Inside The Spiral with Yellow and Red". Original studio art glass sculpture, a stunning work of contemporary glass. Signed and dated by the artist. Purchased from Habatat Galleries. Measures 21 1/2" x 14 1/4" Good condition with mild surface wear. Guaranteed Authentic. Hill Auction Gallery Will not ship. Will refer a local third party shipper.
Hill Auction Gallery
Jun. 17, 2018
MICHAEL PAVLIK ART GLASS SQUARE & CIRCLE
Est: $800 - $1,200
MICHAEL PAVLIK, (CZECH, 1941-) ART GLASS, H 10 1/2", W 10 3/4", L 11 3/4" SQUARE & CIRCLE COMPOSITION, #1930:A GEOMETRIC SCULPTURE CONSTRUCTED WITH CAST GLASS. SIGNED "MICHAEL PAVLIK 88 #1930".
DuMouchelles
Mar. 18, 2018
MICHAEL PAVLIK ART GLASS SQUARE&CIRCLE COMPOSITION
Est: $800 - $1,200
MICHAEL PAVLIK, (CZECH, 1941-) ART GLASS, H 10 1/2", W 10 3/4", L 11 3/4" SQUARE & CIRCLE COMPOSITION, #1930:A GEOMETRIC SCULPTURE CONSTRUCTED WITH CAST GLASS. SIGNED "MICHAEL PAVLIK 88 #1930".
DuMouchelles
Feb. 07, 2018
MICHAEL PAVLIK (AMERICAN/CZECH, B. 1941), GLASS SCULPTURE, 1982
Est: $1,000 - $1,500
MICHAEL PAVLIK (AMERICAN/CZECH, B. 1941) GLASS SCULPTURE, 1982 Signed and dated: "M. Pavlik 82 #1742" H: 8 1/2, Dia: 9 in.
Freeman's | Hindman
Nov. 11, 2017
Michael Pavlik (Czech, b. 1941) & Vladimira Klumpar (Czech, b. 1954) Periphylla monumental sculpture 50"w x 9"d x 31"h; pedestal: 16...
Est: $20,000 - $30,000
Michael Pavlik (Czech, b. 1941) & Vladimira Klumpar (Czech, b. 1954) Periphylla monumental sculpture Czech Republic, 2000 cast glass signed V. Klumpar M. Pavlik 50"w x 9"d x 31"h; pedestal: 16.75"w x 13"d x 31"h Provenance: Habatat Galleries, Boca Raton, Florida, 07 November 2000
Toomey & Co. Auctioneers
Oct. 15, 2017
Michael Pavlik (American, 20th/21st c.), "Rose and Blue Vase," glass vase
Est: $700 - $900
Michael Pavlik (American, 20th/21st c.), "Rose and Blue Vase," glass vase, signed along the bottom edge, measures 7.75 inches tall by 4 inches wide. CONDITION: Good, a few small polish marks around the bottom edge. Michael Pavlik received a BA at the School of Glass Art in Zelezny Brod, Czechoslovakia, in Prague, 1973, and his MFA at the Academy of Arts and Architecture in Prague, 1981. He moved to the US in the early 80s and received immediate recognition, including a grant from the National Endowment for the arts in 1984.
Huntington Museum of Art
Jun. 16, 2017
MICHAEL PAVLIK ART GLASS VASE.
Est: $2,000 - $3,000
Art glass paperweight vase by glass artist Michael Pavlik has random layers of swirling and striated glass in shades of purple, blue, yellow and red. The vase is then encased in a heavy layer of clear glass. Signed on the bottom edge "Michael Pavlik '81 #1564". SIZE: 10-1/2" t. CONDITION: There are a few very minor scratches on the side near the foot, otherwise very good to excellent. 51962-20
James D. Julia